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  [10] Taner Akçam, The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 129–135.

  [11] 摘自Sean McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power, 1898–1918 (London: Allen lane, 2010), 14.

  [12] NARA, Istanbul vol. 295,reports from Mersina, 3 July 1915, and Constantinople,“Baghtche Tunnel,”3 September 1915; McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express, 233–258.

  [13] NARA,Baghdad box 19,Brissel领事于1914年6月2日和1914年10月10日的报告。

  [14] 苏丹的评论被Otto Liman von Sanders在Five Years in Turkey中引用(Annapolis, Md: US naval Institute, 1927), 1–12.

  [15] Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War, 80–83; Liman von Sanders, Five Years in Turkey, 6–7.

  [16] Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919 (London: Hutchinson, n.d.), 99–106.

  [17] 意大利虽为三国同盟的其中一员,但它只与德国和奥地利签署了防御同盟。由于1914年是德国和奥地利发起进攻,意大利并未卷入。 1915年,意大利最终参战,但加入的是协约国阵营。

  [18] Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 116–117.

  [19] Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War, 96.

  [20] Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War,99.

  [21] “Secret Treaty of defensive Alliance: Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 2 August 1914,” in The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics,ed. J. C. Hurewitz (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), 2:1–2.

  [22] Irfan Orga, Portrait of a Turkish Family (1950; rpt. London: Eland, 1988),47–48. Orga并不是仅靠自己的记忆重现了这段对话,他承认“数年后我的母亲为我拼凑出了对话的大部分内容” (46)。

  [23] NARA, Istanbul vol. 285, Heizer to Morgenthau, 4 August 1914; telegrams from Consul Grech, Dardanelles, 4 and 27 August 1914.

  [24] 摘自 Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War, 117.
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