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  [4] F. J. Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 (London: HMSO, 1924), 2:194.

  [5] George Younghusband, Forty Years a Soldier (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1923), 284–285.

  [6] IWM, private papers of the Reverend H. Spooner, Documents 7308, entry for 9 January 1916.

  [7] 对汉纳的第一次进攻发生在1916年1月20—21日。英军损失 2741人,奥斯曼军预计损失约2000人。Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:275–276; Younghusband, Forty Years a Soldier, 290–291.

  [8] 对镇民房屋的搜查始于1月24日。Charles Townshend, When God Made Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914– 1921 London: Faber and Faber, 2010), 215.

  [9] Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:200. 斯普纳神父于1916年3月30日提到,第24旁遮普团(Punjabis)的一个连因“叛变被缴械”,且“许多穆斯林士兵投靠了敌军”。IWM, papers of W. D. Lee of the Royal Garrison Artillery, Documents 1297.

  [10] 贾法尔关于赛努西战役的讲述,参见 Jafar al-Askari, A Soldier’s Story: From Ottoman Rule to Independent Iraq (London: Arabian Publishing, 2003), 85–93.

  [11] 1月23日,英军在比尔突尼斯死伤312 人,估计阿拉伯士兵死亡200人,受伤500人;George McMunn 和 Cyril Falls 在书中将这次事件称为“Affair of Halazin” ,书名为Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 (London: HMSO, 1928), 122.

  [12] McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 134.

  [13] 斯普纳神父记录了1916年1月26日的足球赛和2月1日的绷带铁锹轶事。

  [14] IWM, private papers of Major Alex Anderson, Documents 9724, 57–59;在描述第一次空袭时,Anderson提到飞行员“已经知道是德国佬”;关于对医院空袭的描述,参见 74–75.另见斯普纳神父3月18日的日记,在提到了伤亡人数后,他只写道“惨不忍睹”。

  [15] 关于俄军占领埃尔祖鲁姆,参见 W. E. D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), 320–372;Michael Reynolds, Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 134–139;Sean McMeekin, The Russian Origins of the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 191–193;Edward J. Erickson, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), 120–137.

  [16] Allen and Muratoff, in Caucasian Battlefields,342,声称奥斯曼军在科普鲁克伊有“将近1.5万人”死伤或冻死,另有5000人被俘,“逃兵数量与被俘人数大致相等”,损失兵力共达2.5万人。俄军损失同样严重: 1万人死伤 ,2 000 人因冻伤入院。

  [17] Younghusband, Forty Years a Soldier, 297.

  [18] 阿里·伊赫桑贝伊后来改用土耳其名Dujaila,Sabis Hill是他的姓。 Ali Ihsan Sâbis, Birinci Dünya Harbi [第一次世界大战] (Istanbul: Nehir Yayınları, 2002), 3:121–127.
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