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  拜占廷帝国于1453年灭亡了,但是它的精神永存。其信仰、文化和关于政治生活的理念继续活跃着,不仅在那些以前曾经是拜占廷的土地上,而且在古老帝国的边界以外地区仍然能感受到它的影响,成为欧洲各国文明和政治发展的促进因素。以希腊特有的信仰形式保存的基督教作为拜占廷精神的象征和罗马天主教的对立物被希腊人、南斯拉夫人和东斯拉夫人视为神圣。在土耳其人统治的几个世纪期间,希腊人、保加利亚人、塞尔维亚人将东正教看作其精神和民族独立的象征,正是东正教教会真正保护了巴尔干人民在土耳其人的汪洋大海中未被吞没,因此,也使他们有可能在19世纪进行民族复兴。东正教也是一面信仰的旗帜,俄罗斯各个国家在这面旗帜下实现了统一,莫斯科公国发展成为强大的国家。拜占廷帝国和南斯拉夫各王国灭亡以后不久,莫斯科再度并永远摆脱了鞑靼人的统治,作为惟一的东正教独立国家,它自然成为东正教世界的中心。伊凡三世,这位俄罗斯各国伟大的解放者和统一者娶专制君主托马斯·帕列奥列格的女儿、拜占廷帝国末代皇帝的侄女为妻子。他将拜占廷帝国皇帝的标志双头鹰带在双臂上,将拜占廷宫廷礼仪引入莫斯科,不久还使俄罗斯像拜占廷帝国曾经做过的那样,成为地方基督教的领袖。俄罗斯成为拜占廷帝国真正的继承人,它从君士坦丁堡接受了拜占廷式的罗马观念。如果说君士坦丁堡是新罗马的话,那么莫斯科就是“第三罗马”。拜占廷帝国的伟大传统、信仰、政治理想和精神在俄罗斯帝国存在了几个世纪。

  拜占廷文化对东方和西方甚至产生了更广泛、更深刻的影响,虽然这一影响在罗曼语系和日耳曼语系各国不如在斯拉夫语系各国那样明显,但是,拜占廷帝国对西方的文化贡献也同样不能忽视。拜占廷帝国是古典时代的希腊、罗马文明跨越时代,得以保存至今的工具,正因为如此,拜占廷帝国可以说是贡献者,而西方可以说是接受者。这一点在文艺复兴时代特别突出,当时出现了崇尚古典文化的热潮,西方发现从拜占廷文化源泉中发掘的古代宝藏就能够满足其渴求。拜占廷帝国保存了古代世界的遗产,因此,也就完成了它在世界历史发展中的使命。它从毁灭中拯救并保护了罗马法、希腊文学、希腊哲学和学问,使得这笔宝贵的遗产能够流传给西欧各民族,他们至今仍在接受这笔遗产。

  【注释】

  [1]On this cf.A.Rubo i Lluch,‘Paquiemeres y Muntaner’,Set.hist.arqueol.de l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans.Mémoires Ⅰ(1927),33 ff.

  [2]On the date of his birth cf.V.Grecu,Bull de l’Acad.Roumaine 27(1946),56 ff.

  [3]On the life and writings of Nicephorus Gregoras cf.R.Guilland,Essai sur Nicéphore Grégoras,Paris 1926.

  [4]Bezdeki,‘Nicephori Gregorae epistolae XC’,Ephemeris Dacoromana 2(1925),239-377;R.Guilland,Correspondance de Nicéphore Grégoras,Paris 1927,where some of the 161 extant letters of N.Gregoras are printed with French trans.,but for the majority only a very brief summary is given.The careful notes,pp.291-389,on N.Gregoras’correspondents are useful;but on the text and trans.cf.H.Grégoire,B 3,468 ff.

  [5]ed.J.Darko,Laonici Chalcocandylae historiarum demonstrationes Ⅰ,Ⅱ1 and 2,Budapest 1922,1923 and 1927;Rumanian translation,V.Grecu,Laonic Chalcocondil:Expuneri istorice,Ed.Acad.Rep.Pop.Romine 1958.Cf.also K.Güterbock,‘Laonikos Chalkondyles’,Zeitschr.f.Volkerrecht 4(1910),72 ff.;Darko,`Zum Leben des Laonikos Chalkon-kondyles’,BZ 24(1923),29 ff.;idem,‘Neue Beitrage zur Biographie des Laonikos Chalkokondyles’,ibid.27(1927),275 ff.;idem,`Neue Emendationsvorschlage zu Laonikos Chalkokondyles’,ibid.32(1932),2 ff.W.Miller,‘The Last Athenian Historian:Laonikos Chalkondyles’,JHS 42(1922),36 ff..Athens 1926,pp.104-71.A.Nimet,Die türkische Prosopographie bei Laonikos Chalkokandyles,Diss.Hamburg 1933;further bibliography in Moravcsik,Byzantinoturcica Ⅰ,2nd ed.,396 ff.

  [6]His first name has not been preserved.V.Grecu,‘Pour une meilleure connaissance de l’historien Doukas’,Mémorial L.Petit(1948),128 ff.,argues that he was called Michael like his grandfather but this is so far only a suggestion.

  [7]New critical edition with an introduction and Rumanian translation;V.Grecu,Ducas,Istoria turco-bizantinǎ(1341-1462),Ed.Acad.Rep.Pop.Romine 1958.

  [8]On his name cf.V.Laurent,et nonBZ 44(1951)(Dolger Festschrift),373 ff.,and‘Sphrantzès et non Phrantzès à nouveau’,REB 9(1951),170 f.

  [9]There is a new edition of the first two books by J.B.Papadopoulos,Georgii Phrantzae Chronikon Ⅰ,Leipzig(Teubner)1935.As he had already stated elsewhere(cf.Bulletin de l’Inst.Archéol.Bulgare 9,177 ff.),he did not consider that Sphrantzes was the author of the Chron.Maius which he was editing,but thought that this was based on the shorter Chron.Minus(Migne,PG 156,1025-80)which he regarded as the genuine work of Sphrantzes,while the Maius was produced in 1573-5 by Macarius Melissenus.F.Dolger,Otto-Glauning-Festschrift(1936),29 ff.,and BZ 37(1937),502 f.,thinks that the Minus was Sphrantzes’diary which he himself expanded and revised when he wrote his history(i.e.the Chron.Maius)which was subsequently falsified by Macarius with various additions.This view was then supported by Papadopulos,über“Maius”und“Minus”des Georgios Phrantzes’,BZ 38(1938),323 ff.Cf.also Dolger,ibid.489 ff.On the other hand,V.Grumel,EO 36(1937),88 f.,and H.Grégoire,B 12(1937),389 ff.,consider that the Maius was the real work of Sphrantzes and the Minus an extract made later;Moravcsik,Byzantinoturcica Ⅰ,152.also inclines towards this view.Meanwhile,those who attack the genuineness of the Maius have received fresh support from the investigations of R.J.Loenertz,‘La date de la lettreθ’de Manuel Paléologue etl’inauthenticitédu‘Chronicon Maius de Georges Phrantzès’,EO 39(1940),91 ff.,and especially his‘Autour du Chronicon Maius attribué à Georges Phrantzès’,Miscellanea G.Mercati Ⅲ(1946),273 ff.,where he maintains that the Maius is a compilation made by Macarius Melissenus from the genuine Minus,as well as also from Chalcocondyles and the chronicle of Dorotheus of Monemvasia.This conclusion is based on weighty and in the main entirely convincing arguments;its accuracy is made increasingly certain by further research into this period,so that the dispute may now be regarded as concluded.The view of Loenertz is now also shared by Moravcsik,Byzantinoturcica Ⅰ,2nd ed.,287 ff.cf.Dolger’s agreement,BZ 43(1950),63. ↑返回顶部↑

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